Risk of entry: high The pest has already entered in the PRA area; thus the risk of entry to new areas is high. Transfer of plants for planting represent the main pathway of entry to new areas as suggested in recent outbreak situations.

Risk of establishment: high The pest has already established in part of the PRA area. Climatic conditions are suitable in areas where kiwifruit orchards are grown. 

Impact: high Impact is likely to be very high for the producers. In the countries of the EPPO region where the pest is present the disease is reported with a high incidence. In Italy, 4 years after the first recent reports several orchards show up to 80-90 % incidence on kiwi yellow cultivars. With a disease incidence of 40%, 2/3 of the fruit harvest can be lost. There are no curative treatments available (contrary to some other parts of the world antibiotic treatments are not authorized in many EPPO countries).