Overall assessment of risk: The likelihood of entry is considered as moderate, and the likelihood of establishment as high. Where it is introduced, the pest is likely to cause major losses and environmental impact, and some social effects. Long-distance spread will be via human-assisted pathways, although natural spread will happen but at a slower pace. Where A. planipennis is introduced, it will have massive impact, and eradication or containment will be difficult and costly, and very unlikely to be successful.