A pest risk assessment was performed according to the EPPO Standard PM 5/3 to determine the probability of introduction of Monilinia fructicola into the countries of the European Union (EU) and its potential economic impact. Data on the biology of the pathogen were combined with trade pathways and information on the use of commodities in order to quantify risk. On the basis of the EPPO Standard, we concluded that there is a serious risk that M. fructicola could become established in the EU, with significant economic losses as a result. This justifies the phytosanitary measures currently in place in the EU.