Overall assessment of risk: The likelihood of entry is estimated as high, especially on wood (with or without bark) of Juglans and Pterocarya and untreated wood packaging material. Plants for planting are also a very suitable entry pathway, if there is a trade. 

Establishment is likely where Juglans is grown in the EPPO region, and there is no factor that would limit the spread until the entire endangered area is colonized. The EWG considered that the potential impact in the absence of phytosanitary measures would be high in the long term. 

Phytosanitary Measures: Risk management options were determined for wood of Juglans and Pterocarya, particle wood and waste wood of deciduous species, and plants for planting of Juglans and Pterocarya. Wood packaging material should be treated according to ISPM 15. Scion wood of Juglans and bark of Juglans and Pterocarya were considered together with, respectively, plants for planting and particle wood and waste wood. Containment measures are in place in Veneto, Italy (Regione del Veneto, 2014a,b, 2015).

2021: This PRA document was modified in relation to the recommended distance for the establishment of a pest free area.